It can be caused by post-intubation edema around the glottic and subglottic regions
Laryngotracheobronchitis is a viral infection of the upper airway.
It is more common in children due to smaller airways
Triggers: Multiple intubation attempts, large ETT size without air leak, exaggerated head movement
Usually, within three hours of extubation
Symptoms: respiratory stridor, barking cough
Treatment: inhalation of cool, moist oxygen, racemic epinephrine (0.5ml of a 2.25% solution in 2.5 mL of NS). Epinephrine is believed to exert its beneficial effect by reducing bronchial secretions and mucosal edema (alpha) and also through smooth muscle relaxation and inhibition of mast cell-mediated inflammation (beta).
Dexamethasone may be helpful 0.1-0.5 mg/kg
Minimize intubating trauma
Leak around ETT at less than 40 cm H2O to prevent post-extubation croup
Avoid large-diameter endotracheal tubes
Post-extubation Croup from airway edema secondary to traumatic intubation, multiple intubations, and too large an ETT is treated with racemic epinephrine nebulized:
2.25% solution in Normal Saline (4-5ml total volume)