Pneumoperitoneum, CO2 insufflation, provides a view of the surgical area, room for instruments to move
There is a high risk for complications as the inferior vena cava, aorta, iliac arteries, and veins, as well as bladder, bowel, and uterus are close to the infraumbilical site
Hypotension, dysrhythmias, cyanosis, pulmonary edema, Millwheel murmur
Risk of pneumothorax due to barotrauma (increased PIP due to decreased pulmonary compliance)
Left shoulder pain (CO2) - alleviate with three big breaths after CO2 is released before the closure of the abdominal wall
Decreased post-op pain, less post-op pulmonary impairment, reduction in post-op ileus, shorter hospital stays, earlier ambulation, a smaller incision
Increased intraabdominal pressure, which predisposes to passive gastric regurgitation, possible NG to decompress and minimize the risk of aspiration
Increased intraabdominal pressure also appears to decrease splanchnic perfusion and hepatic blood flow significantly
High risk of PONV
Try to keep intra-abdominal pressure <15mmHg
Increased risk of atelectasis, decreased FRC, increased PIP
Risk of hypercarbia from absorbed CO2, monitor ETCO2 and decreased PaO2
Avoid Nitrous oxide as it can diffuse into CO2-containing intraabdominal space and increase distention
Decreased venous return, decreased CO, and increased SVR
Increased MAP, increased HR
Bradycardia due to the distension of the Vagus nerve
Trendelenburg’s position increases intrathoracic pressures (cephalad displacement of abdominal contents), which activates baroreceptor reflex through CN IX in the carotid and CN X in the aortic arch, leading to increased PNS and decreased SNS activity
Trendelenburg with increased risk of right main stem intubation
Reverse Trendelenburg with increased FRC and decreased work of breathing
Neuromuscular blockade facilitates lower insufflation pressures, better visualization, prevents movement
Celiac reflex can be initiated indirectly because of pneumoperitoneum; the symptoms are bradycardia, apnea, and hypotension